All the way to the top of the toddy tree

A striped lungi tucked between his knees, Ajay Mahato can shoot halfway up a 40 feet palm tree in just 30 seconds.

He does this everyday – climbs dizzying heights to the top of palm trees and collects sap from their buds near the fronds.

The 27-year-old toddy tapper is preparing to climb on a sunny May morning in Bihar’s Samastipur district. “ Aab ta taad ke per jaisaan sakkat ho gelaihan. Kanta bhi naya bhokaitai [These have now become as hard as a palm tree. Even a thorn can’t pierce them anymore],” Ajay says, pointing to the calluses on both his hands.

“While climbing, the grip on the tree has to be strong. The trunk has to be clutched with both hands and feet,” Ajay says, demonstrating how the fingers have to be intertwined and wrapped around the trunk. This arduous work of climbing the thin and rugged trunks of palm trees has left dark marks on his chest, hands and ankles.

“ 15 saal ke rahiya tahiye se start ka deliyai ra [I started climbing palm trees when I was 15 years old],” says the toddy tapper, who has been doing this for 12 years now.

A resident of Rasulpur village, Ajay belongs to the Pasi community who have traditionally worked as toddy tappers – including at least three generations of Ajay’s family.

“Initially, I used to climb halfway up the tree and get down,” he recounts, adding that his father would encourage him to learn the skill when he was young. “When I would look down from the top of the palm tree then, I felt my heart would fail.”

“The first time I climbed a palm tree, my chest, hands and feet started to bleed. The skin in these parts gradually hardened,” says Ajay, explaining the wounds on his muscled limbs which chafe against the trunk as he journeys up and down.

Ajay averages five palm trees in the morning and five in the evening, with a break around midday to avoid the afternoon heat. He has leased 10 trees in Rasulpur and pays the landowner Rs. 500 a year for each tree or an equivalent amount of palm sap.

“ Baisakh (April-June) mein ego taad se 10 bottle tadi niklaichhai. Okra baad kam hoi lagai chhai . [During Baisakh, a single tree yields 10 bottles of sap. After this peak season, the yield starts to decrease],” says the toddy tapper.

The foamy sap is either processed into jaggery or a fermented drink called taadi (toddy). “We sell the sap to a paikar [wholesaler] at the rate of around Rs. 10 a bottle,” Ajay says. Each bottle contains around 750 ml of sap. During the months of Baisakh, Ajay can earn up to Rs. 1,000 a day, but his earnings drop substantially during the next nine months – by almost 60 to 70 per cent.

During the off-season, Ajay manages to sell the sap to his local customers directly from home at the rate of Rs. 20 a bottle. His wife and three children rely on the income he earns from this work.

Samastipur is one of the leading districts in India that contribute to male inter-state out-migration. Preferring to stay on in Samastipur and practise toddy-tapping, Ajay goes against the trend around him.

Before he climbs, Ajay fixes a darbas (nylon belt) tightly around his waist. An iron akura (hook) hangs from the darbas , along with a plastic jar and a hansua (sickle). “The darbas has to be tied so securely that even with 10 litres of sap it won’t budge,” Ajay explains.

He climbs the palm tree, at least 40 feet high and as he reaches the slippery top half of the trunk, I see him strengthen his grip with a pakasi – a leather or rexine strap which he stretches between his feet.

The previous evening, Ajay had already carved an incision and fixed an empty labani (earthen pot) at the bud of the tree. Twelve hours later, Ajay climbs the tree again to transfer roughly five litres of sap collected in the labani . The lower end of this container, he tells me later, has to be laced with insecticide to keep bees, ants and hornets away.

Perched precariously among the topmost fronds, Ajay makes a fresh cut on the palm bud with a sickle. Placing the emptied labani there, he descends. The entire exercise is carried out in 10 minutes.

The sap will thicken and turn sour with time, so Ajay advises me, “ taad ke taadi ko ped ke pass hi pee jana chahiye, tab hi fayda hota hai [Toddy is best consumed near the palm tree it is extracted from. Only then is it beneficial].”

Toddy tapping is a livelihood fraught with risks – a slight imbalance and the fall can be fatal, or cause permanent debilitation.

Ajay was injured in March, “my hand slipped from the trunk of a palm and I fell. My wrist was damaged”. He had to stop climbing for nearly a month after that. Earlier this year, Ajay’s cousin, also a toddy tapper, broke bones in his waist and legs after falling from a palm tree.

Ajay scales up another palm and throws down some fruits of the tree – ice apples. He peels the tough outer skin of the fruit with a sickle and offers me a piece of the fleshy inside.

“ Lijiye, taza-taza phal khaiye . Shahar mein to 15 rupaye mein ek ankh milta hoga [Here, eat some fresh fruits. In cities, this one part is sold for 15 rupees],” he says, smiling.

Ajay has had a brief stint with city life – an unfulfilling one, he says. He had migrated to Delhi and Surat a few years ago to work as a labourer on construction sites. He would earn Rs. 200-250 a day, but, he says, “I didn't feel like working there. Earnings were also less.”

He is content with what he earns from tapping toddy.

This, despite the fact that working with toddy involves the risk of police raids. The Bihar Prohibition and Excise Act, 2016 , allows no one to “manufacture, bottle, distribute, transport, collect, store, possess, purchase, sell or consume” liquor and intoxicants – including fermented toddy. The Bihar police have not raided Rasulpur yet, but Ajay says, “Just because the police have not come here yet does not mean that they never will.”

His fear stems from the false cases many allege the police have implicated them in. The police, he says, “might come anytime.”

Ajay is ready to take these risks. “Here in Rasulpur, I get to live with my family,” he says, rubbing khaini (tobacco) on his palm.

Putting soil on the fattha (bamboo stick), Ajay sharpens his sickle on it. Readying his tools, he makes his way towards another palm tree.

This story is supported by a fellowship in memory of a trade unionist from Bihar who championed the struggles of marginalised people in the state.