Speaking tree suggests Chandrapur poll result

The tree was planted by his grandfather. “It’s older than me,” says Mahadev Kamble, sitting in its shade. And the only one that remains on his now-barren two-acre aamrai (mango orchard).

The lone tree speaks of why Kamble and others in Baranj Mokasa village say that on April 11 they will vote out Hansraj Ahir, the four-time Lok Sabha Member of Parliament from Chandrapur district of eastern Maharashtra, and minister of state for Home Affairs in the Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance government.

All the other trees in Kamble’s orchard were cut when his land was acquired for a coal mine. The project, one of many that have sprung up in this region over the last decade, has devastated Baranj Mokasa (listed as Barang Mokasa in Census 2011) by taking over all its land and property, as well as livelihoods.

And it has left the village’s nearly 1,800 residents in uncertainty – though Baranj Mokasa was acquired for the project, the people have not yet been rehabilitated.

In 2003, the Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL), a state government entity, won the lease for the Baranj coal mines for captive use – that is, the mined coal would be used only for its own purpose – in this case,  for power generation in Karnataka.  The KPCL gave the operational lease to the Eastern Mining and Trading Agency (EMTA), one of India’s biggest private coal mine firms, by forming a joint venture called the Karnataka-EMTA Company Limited (KECL).

By 2008, KECL had acquired 1457.2 hectares spread over seven villages including Baranj Mokasa and neighbouring Chek Baranj. Baranj Mokasa lost around 550 hectares, of which 500 hectares is the coal mine, and the remaining land was acquired for  roads, dumps, offices and other purposes. The mines have a reserve of roughly 68 million metric tons reserve – or an estimated extraction of 2.5 million tonnes per year.

Around 50 villages with a total population of 75,000-100,000 have been similarly displaced by public and private sector mines in Chandrapur district in the past 15 years, shows data compiled by Pravin Mote of the Nagpur-based Centre for People’s Collective.

KECL opted to directly buy the land, without state mediation. In Baranj Mokasa, the villagers received Rs. 4 to 5 lakhs per acre, depending on the location and quality of their plots, and Rs. 750 per square foot for houses and other properties.

But they demanded a proper rehabilitation package – better rates for the land, resettlement at a new village away from the mine, and permanent jobs for at least one member of the displaced family. Though EMTA is a private company, it was a joint venture with a state entity, and the government can mediate to ensure fair compensation.

So, the villagers expected their MP, Ahir, would ensure that their demands were met.  “But we were shown a rehabilitation site far away, without any amenities. We rejected that site,” says Sachin Chalkhure, a young Dalit activist, walking through the alley that leads to his abandoned house. Chalkhure has been at the forefront of the demand for rehabilitation for his village and other villages in this area impacted by mines of the private as well as public sector.

Many meetings took place. Several protests were organised. But the people were split.  Two big landlords sold their land first. Both of them are no more and their families have left the village. “The late Ramkrishna Parkar and late Narayan Kale were the first landowners to sell their land to EMTA,” says Baba Mahakulkar, former sarpanch, resentfully.

“Money got distributed,” adds Chalkhure. “They bribed some of our own to get our land and houses. Relatives and families fought among themselves. The village bled. Besides, some initially gave land voluntarily, thinking they will get jobs in the coal mine.”

Once mining started – first on a small plot, then on expanding stretches – those who had held out were left with no option but to give up their land. “Every single inch here [now] belongs to the company mining the coal,” says Vinod Meshram, the village development officer, sitting in the modest gram panchayat office of Baranj Mokasa. “This office too.”

In the process, the village lost its main occupation – farming. The landless got nothing and lost their main source of work – agricultural labour.  “The mine gave jobs to some people, but when it stopped operations the jobs dried up,” says Chalkhure.

For a while, the mine employed around 450 people, 122 of them from Baranj Mokasa, as clerks, guards or labourers, says Rama Matte, a former clerk at the mine. After losing his job, Matte worked as a mason for three years, and last year set up a ‘Setu’ service centre (a state-approved outlet for government forms, 7/12 extracts and other documents) in Bhadravati town, around four kilometres from the village, on the Nagpur-Chandrapur road. Many others like him who lost their jobs at the mine now work for daily wages or as masons. “Our farms were irrigated, three-cropped land,” Matte recalls.

The mine remained operational for 4-5 years. In August 2014, the Supreme Court cancelled all the allocations of private captive mines across India while imposing a fine on the coal mined till that date. KPCL later won the bid again, but a court case it filed against EMTA on who will pay the fine, is pending. The Baranj Mokasa mine remains un-operational since the KPCL hasn’t been able to find a new operator.  “Our land belongs to the company and the mine is non-operational,” says former sarpanch Mahakulkar. “If and when the court cases are settled and the lease holder re-starts operations, we will have to move out.”.

So far, many families have stayed back in the village, despite the noise, pollution, and blasts of the mine when it was operational.  The village though has turned into a wasteland of lost work and silent farms. Since it has been acquired, the people can’t get access to any government scheme; homes can’t be improved, roads can’t be re-built. 

"We are paying for the mistakes committed by us early on," says Mayatai Mahakulkar, the present sarpanch of this village. "We are nowhere. Old people are having a very tough time.” The landless are the worst affected. They lost their work on farms and they got no compensation or jobs, she adds. Some farmers bought land from the compensation money in faraway villages. "I bought ten acres in a village around 20 kilometres from Baranj, I go there every day…. This is not development."

 Four huge mine pits surround the village, an ugly backdrop to the now-barren fields. The oldest pit is full of accumulated rainwater. Machinery is rusting on the hillocks, abandoned by the mining company. “Baranj Mokasa has lost its soul, says Mahadev Kamble, who is in his 80s, sitting in his once-lush mango orchard. “What is left now is a decaying body."

The Congress has fielded Suresh (Balu) Dhanorkar, a Kunbi by caste and a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from the Warora (Bhadravati) constituency. Dhanorkar left the Shiv Sena to join the Congress in March 2019. The dominant community in Baranj Mokasa is Kunbi, an OBC; Ahir is a Yadav, also an OBC, but has been a cross-caste consensus candidate.

There is no third major candidate. In three previous elections, a former MLA of the Shetkari Kamgar Paksha, Wamanrao Chatap, made it a three-cornered fight, dividing the votes, which benefitted Ahir.

“There is no way mine-affected [villages] will vote for Ahir again,” says Chalkhure. He and many of his co-activists voted for Ahir in previous Lok Sabha elections, hoping that he would fight for higher compensation and better rehabilitation. “We feel we have been cheated,” he adds. “That anger will come out in the elections in these villages.”