Smita Khator

Pratishtha Pandya

Editor

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“Osob vote-tote chharo. Sandhya namar age
anek kaaj go... [What vote-shote! Thousand and one things to finish
before it is dark…] Come, sit here with us if you can bear the smell,” Malati
Mal says pointing to the space on the ground next to her. She is inviting me to
join a group of women, sitting and working around a huge onion mound, unfazed
by the heat and dust. I have been hanging around in the village for almost a
week now, shadowing these women, asking them questions about the upcoming
elections.  

It is early April. The mercury in this
part of Murshidabad, West Bengal, reaches 41 degrees Celsius every
day. Even at 5 p.m. in this Mal Pahariya hutment, it is scorching hot. Not a
leaf moves on the few trees surrounding the area. The heavy, pungent smell of
fresh onions hangs in the air. 

The women are seated in a semicircle
around the onion mound, in the middle of an open space barely 50
metres away from their makeshift homes. They are busy separating the bulbs from
the stems using a sickle. The sweltering afternoon heat, combined with the vapours
of raw onions, makes their faces look luminous in a way that only hard labour can.


“This is not our desh [native
village]. For the last seven or eight years we have been coming here,”
says Malati, in her 60s. She and the women in the group belong to the
Mal Pahariya Adivasi community, officially listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the
state and known to be one of the most vulnerable tribal groups. 

“In our village Goas Kalikapur, we have no
work,” she says. More than 30 families from Goas in the Raninagar block I of
Murshidabad district are now living in a cluster of makeshift huts at the
fringes of the Bishurpukur village and work on local farms. 

They
were to return to their village, they told me, for voting in the Lok Sabha
elections scheduled on May 7. Goas Kalikapur is about 60 kilometres away from
Bishurpukur hamlet.

The inter-taluka circular migration of
the Mal Pahariyas from the Raninagar I block to their present base in the Beldanga-I block captures the precarious nature of labour migration in the district. 

Mal Pahariya Adivasis have scattered
settlements in many districts of West Bengal, and Murshidabad alone is home to 14,064
of them. “Our community traces our original place of dwelling in the areas surrounding
the Rajmahal Hills. Our people migrated to different areas in Jharkhand [where the
Rajmahals are located] and West Bengal,” says Ramjeevan Ahari, a scholar and
activist of the community from Dumka, Jharkhand. 

In Jharkhand, unlike in West Bengal, Mal
Pahariyas are registered as a <a href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43018/download/46686/ST-19-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx">Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group</a> (PVTG),
confirms Ramjeevan. “The differing status of the same community in different
states reflects each government’s stand on the community’s vulnerability,” he
adds.

“The people here need us to work on their
farms,” says Malati explaining why they live in the settlement away from
home. “During sowing and cutting [harvest time] we make 250 rupees a day.” Now
and then they even get a small part of a fresh harvest from a generous farmer,
she adds. 

There is a severe dearth of local farm workers
in Murshidabad as large numbers of wage labourers from the district move out in
search of work. Adivasi farmers fill in that demand to some extent. Farm
workers from Beldanga I block charge up to Rs. 600 a day while the inter-taluka
migrant Adivasi labourers, largely women, work for half of that wage.

“Once
the harvested onions are brought from the fields to the village, we do the next
level of work,” explains Anjali Mal, a lean, young onion cutter just 19 years
of age.

They ready the onions to be sold to the phariyas (middlemen)
and for transportation to far off places across and beyond the state. “We
separate the bulbs from the stems with a sickle, throw away loose peels, soil
and roots. Then we collect and put them in sacks,” Anjali continues. For a sack weighing 40
kilograms, they earn 20 rupees. “The more we work, the more we earn. So, we end
up working all the time. It’s different from working in the fields,” where
hours are rather fixed.

Sadhan Mondal, Suresh Mondal, Dhonu Mondal and
Rakhohori Biswas, all in their late 40s, are some of the farmers in Bishurpukur
who hire the Adivasis. They say there is a need for agri-labourers, “on and
off,” through the year. A demand that peaks during crop seasons. It is mostly
Mal Pahariyas and Santhal Adivasi women who come to the villages in these areas
for work, the farmers tell us. And they seem unanimous on this: “Without them,
we won’t be able to sustain farming.” 

The work is really demanding. “We hardly get
time to cook any lunch…” says Malati while her hands are busy with onions. “Bela
hoye jay. Konomote duto chal phutiye ni. Khabar-dabarer anek daam go.
[It gets very late to eat. We quickly boil a little rice somehow. Food items
are so costly].” Once farm work is done for the day, women have to get on to
household chores: sweeping, washing cleaning before taking a bath and then rustling
up dinner. 

“We feel weak
all the time,” she adds. The recent <a href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/national-family-health-survey-nfhs-5-2019-21-west-bengal/">National Family Health Survey</a> (NFHS-5) tells us why. It shows rising levels of anaemia among all
the women and children in the district. Also, 40 per cent of
children here under the age of 5 are stunted. 

Don’t they get their rations here?

“No,
our ration cards are for our village. Our family members pick up our rations. When
we visit our homes, we bring some foodgrain back with us,” Malati explains. She
is referring to the provisions they’re entitled to under the Public
Distribution System (PDS). “We try not to buy anything here and save as much as
possible to send it back to our families,” she adds.

The
women are surprised to learn that nation-wide food security schemes like
the <a></a><a href="https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/one_nation.pdf">One Nation One Ration Card</a> (ONORC) can actually benefit
internal migrants like them. “No one ever told us about it. We are not
educated. How will we know?” asks Malati.

“I
never went to school,” says Anjali. “My mother died when I was only five. Father
abandoned us – three daughters. Our neighbours raised us,” she says. All three sisters
began working as farm labourers at an early age and were married off in their
teens. Anjali at 19 is the mother of 3-year-old Ankita. “I never studied.
Somehow learned to do only naam-soi [signature],” she says. And adds
that most of the teenagers in the community are school dropouts. Many of her
generation are unlettered.

 “I don’t want my daughter to end up like me. I
wish I could put her in school next year. Otherwise she would learn nothing.”
Her anxiety is palpable as she speaks. 

Which
school? Bishurpukur Primary School? 

“No,
our children don’t go to the schools here. Even the little ones don’t go to khichuri
school [anganwadi],” she says. The discrimination and stigma that confronts
the community, even in the face of the <a href="https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/right-of-children-to-free-and-compulsory-education-act-2009/">Right to Education Act </a>(RTE), remains hidden within Anjali’s
words. “Most kids that you see around here don’t go to school. Some of them
back in Goas Kalikapur do. But they keep coming here to help us and so miss
their classes.” 

A <a></a><a href="https://rjhssonline.com/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2022-13-1-1">2022 study</a> observes that the literacy rate among Mal Pahariyas
in general, and among the women in particular, is alarmingly low at 49.10 per
cent and 36.50 per cent respectively. The statewide literacy rate for Adivasis
in West Bengal is 68.17 per cent for males and 47.71 percent for females. 

I see girls as young as five or six helping their
mothers and grandmothers collect onions and put them into cane baskets. Two
boys in their teens are dumping the bulbs in turn from the baskets into large
plastic sacks. The division of labour seems to respect age, gender and the physical
strength involved in the task. “Joto haat, toto bosta, toto taka [more hands, more sacks, more money],” Anjali puts it simply for me.

Anjali is going to vote for the first time in the Lok Sabha
elections. “I have voted in the gram panchayat polls. But first time for the
big election!” she smiles. “I will go. All of us in this basti will go
to our village to vote. Else they will forget us…”

Will
you demand education for your children?

“Demand
from whom?” Anjali pauses for a few moments and answers her own question. “We
don’t have votes here [in Bishurpukur]. So, no one cares about us. And we don’t
stay there all year [in Goas] so, we don’t have much say there either. Amra
na ekhaner, na okhaner [we belong neither here nor there].” 

She
says that she does not know much about what to expect from the candidates in an
election. “I only want to get Ankita admitted to a school when she turns five
and I want to stay in the village with her. I don’t want to come back here. But
who knows?” she sighs. 

“We can’t survive
without work,” says another young mother, Madhumita Mal, 19, echoing Anjali’s
doubts. “Our kids will remain just like us if they are not put in schools,” she
predicts with a painful certainty in her voice. The young mothers are unaware
of special schemes like <a href="https://adibasikalyan.gov.in/ashram-hostel">Ashram Hostel</a> or<a> </a><a href="https://adibasikalyan.gov.in/sikshashree">Sikshashree</a>, offered by the state;
or  the <a href="https://tribal.nic.in/EMRS.aspx">Eklavya
Model Day Boarding Schools</a>
(EMDBS) run by the Centre that aim to promote
education among Adivasi children. Even
the Congress party ruling in Baharampur constituency, under which Bishurpukur village falls, since 1999 has done
little for the education of tribal children. It is only in their 2024 manifesto
that they promise residential schools in every block for the poor, especially
those from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. But the women know
nothing about any of these.

“If no one tells us about them, we will never
know,” says Madhumita.

“Didi,
we have all cards – Voter ID card, Aadhaar card, job card, <a></a><a href="https://tms.swasthyasathi.gov.in/portal/SSPPackage.asp?https://tms.swasthyasathi.gov.in/portal/SSPPackage.asp?dw=2dw=2https://tms.swasthyasathi.gov.in/portal/SSPPackage.asp?dw=2">Swasthya Sathi</a> insurance
card, ration card,” says 19-year-old Sonamoni Mal.  She is another young mother desperate to get
her two children into school. “I would vote. But this time my name is not there
in the voter’s list.”

“Vote
diye abar ki labh hobe? [What will you get if you vote?] I have been voting
for ages,” retorts Sabitri Mal (name changed) in her late 70s, releasing a peal
of laughter among the women. 

“All
I get is an old age pension of 1,000 rupees. Nothing else. There is no work in
our village, but we have our vote there,” says the septuagenarian. “For three
years now, they have not given us eksho diner kaaj in our village,”
complains Sabitri. She means the ‘100 days work’ as the MGNREGA scheme
is locally known.

“The government
has given a house to my family,” says Anjali, referring to the Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana scheme. “But I can’t stay in it as we have no work there. If we had
eksho diner kaaj, I would not have come here,” she adds.

Their
extremely limited livelihood options have compelled many from this largely
landless community to migrate to faraway places. Sabitri tells us that most
young men from Goas Kalikapur go as far as Bengaluru or Kerala in search of
work. Men after a certain age prefer to work closer to their village, but there
are not enough farm jobs there. Many earn by working in the brick kilns in
their block, Raninagar I. 

“Women
who don’t want to work in brick kilns go to other villages with young
children,” says Sabitri. “At this age I cannot work in bhata
[kilns]. To put something in my stomach, I have started coming here. Old ones
like me in our camp also have a few goats. I take them for grazing,” she adds.
Whenever someone from their group can manage, they “go to Goas to bring back
food grains. We are poor; we cannot buy anything.”

What happens once the onion season is over? Will they
return to Goas?

“After
the onions are cut and packed, it’s time for sowing sesame, jute and a bit of khorar
dhaan [paddy cultivated in the dry season],” says Anjali. In fact, “more
and more Adivasis including children join their community settlements to make
quick cash” from this time of the year till mid-June, with a surge in the demand
for farmwork, she says.

Farm
employment hits a lean period between crop cycles leaving them with fewer days
of wage work, explains the young farm labourer. But unlike footloose migrants,
they stay there and don’t return to their native village. “We do jogarer
kaaj, thhike kaaj [work as helpers to the masons, contract work], whatever
we can manage. We have built these huts and stay here. For each hut we pay 250
rupees a month to the landowner,” says Anjali.

“No one ever comes here to check on us. No
leader, no one…You go have a look,” says Sabitri. 

I walk through a narrow unpaved road towards
the hutment. Sonali, 14, is my guide. She is carrying water in a 20-litre
bucket to her hut. “I went for a bath in the pond and filled this bucket. No
running water in our basti. The pond is dirty. But what to do?” The
water body she refers to is about 200 metres away from the settlement. It’s the
same one where retting of harvested jute crop – separation of fibres from the
stem – takes place in monsoon. The water is infested with bacteria and
chemicals harmful to humans.

“This
is our home. I live here with baba,” she says walking into a hut to
change into dry clothes. I wait outside. The cabin made of bamboo twigs and
jute sticks loosely tied together is covered with a layer of mud and cow dung
on the inside and barely allows any privacy. A roof of bamboo slices and straw
covered with tarpaulin sheets rest on the bamboo poles. 

“You
want to come inside?” asks Sonali shyly while combing her hair. In the fading
daylight passing through the gaps between the sticks, the insides of the 10 x
10 feet hut stand bare. “Ma lives in Goas with my brothers and sisters,” she
says. Her mother works in one of the brick kilns in Raninagar I block. 

“I miss my home a lot. My maternal aunt has also
come here with her daughters. At night I sleep with her,” says Sonali, who had
to drop out after Class 8 to work in the fields.

I
look around the hut as Sonali goes to hang the clothes she has washed at
the pond. A few utensils on a makeshift bench in the corner, a plastic bucket
with a tight lid to keep rice and other essentials safe from the neighbourhood
rodents, a few plastic water cans of different sizes and an earthen stove
embedded in the mud floor, mark the cooking area. 

A few
clothes hang here and there, a mirror and comb tucked in the wall at another
corner, a rolled-up plastic mat, a mosquito net and an old blanket – all rest
on a bamboo positioned diagonally from one wall to the other. Clearly, hard
work is no key to success here. The one thing that is in abundance, a testimony
to a father and his teenage daughter’s hard work, are onions – lying on the
floor, hanging from the top. 

“Let
me show you our toilet,” says Sonali as she walks in. I follow her, and after
crossing a few huts, reach a narrow 32-feet-stretch at one corner of the
settlement. An open 4 x 4 feet space covered with stitched plastic grain
storage sheets make the wall of their ‘toilet.’ “This is where we urinate and
use open spaces a little away from here to defecate,” she says. As I try to
take a step ahead, she cautions me not to go any further lest my foot lands on
faecal matter. 

The
non-existent sanitation in the basti reminds me of the colourfully
illustrated messages of <a href="https://wb.gov.in/government-schemes-details-nirmalbangla.aspx">Mission Nirmal Bangla</a> I saw on my way to this Mal Pahariya
settlement. The posters boast of the state government’s sanitation
project as well as about Madda’s open-defecation-free gram panchayat.

“It’s
so hard during periods. We often have infections. How can we manage without
water? And the pond water is full of dirt and mud,” Sonali says, putting aside
shame and hesitation.  

Where
do you get water to drink? 

“We buy from a [private] water supplier. He charges
10 rupees to refill a 20-litre jar. He comes in the evening and waits at the
main road. We must carry those big jars to our huts.”

“Would
you like to meet my friend?” she asks with a sudden cheer in her voice. “This
is Payel. She is older than I am. But we are friends.” Sonali introduces me to
her newlywed 18-year-old friend, sitting on the ground at the cooking area of
her hut and preparing dinner. Payel Mal’s husband works as a migrant worker at
construction sites in Bengaluru. 

“I
keep coming and going. My mother-in-law lives here,” says Payel. “It’s lonely
in Goas. So, I come and stay with her. My husband has been gone for a long time
now. Don’t know when he is coming back. Probably for elections,” she says.
Sonali reveals that Payel is expecting a child and it’s already been five
months. Payel blushes.

Do
you get medicines and supplements here? 

“Yes,
I get iron tablets from one of the ASHA didis,” she replies. “My
mother-in-law took me to the [ICDS] centre. They gave me some medicines. My
feet often get swollen and ache a lot. Here we have no one to do any checkup. I
will go back to Goas once the onion work is over.” 

For
any medical emergency, women rush to Beldanga town – about 3 kilometres from
here. For over-the-counter medicines and first aid supplies they have to go to
Makrampur market, about one kilometre from the settlement. Both Payel and
Sonali’s families have Swasthya Sathi cards, but they say they “face a
lot of difficulties in getting treatment during emergencies.”

While
we talk, the kids of the settlement keep running around us. Ankita and Milon,
both 3 years old, and Debraj, 6, show us their toys. Jugaad toys,
hand-made by these little wizards with the magical power of innovation. “We
don’t have a TV here. I play games on my baba’s mobile sometimes. I miss
the cartoons.” Debraj, in a blue and white Argentina football t-shirt lodges
his complaint. 

All children in the basti seem malnourished.
“They always suffer from fever and stomach problems,” says Payel. “And the
mosquitos are another problem,” says Sonali. “Once we are inside the mosquito
net, we don’t get out even if hell breaks down on our heads.” Both friends
burst into laughter. Madhumita joins them.

I
once again try to ask them about the elections. “We will go. But you know, no
one comes here to meet us. We go because our elders think voting is important.”
Madhumita speaks candidly. It’s her first time as well. Payel’s name has yet to
come on to the voter’s list as she has just turned 18. “Four years later I will
be like them,” adds Sonali. “I will also vote then. But unlike them I will not
get married so soon.” Another round of laughter breaks out.

As I start to leave the settlement, the laughter of these young women, the playful
shouts of the kids fade, and the loud voices of the women onion cutters take
over. They have completed the day’s work.

“Is
there anyone in your basti who speaks your Mal Pahariya language?” I
ask.

“Bring
some hariya [traditional liquor made from fermented rice] and fries. I
will sing you a song in Pahariya,” says Bhanu Mal teasingly. The 65-year-old widowed farm worker
goes on to say a few lines in her language and then adds little
affectionately, “you come to Goas if you want to hear our language.” 

“Do
you also speak it?” I turn towards Anjali who looks a little bewildered on
hearing this unusual question about her bhasha. “Our language? No. Only
old ones in Goas speak in our bhasha. Here people laugh at us. We have
forgotten our language. We only speak Bangla.” 

As Anjali joins the rest of the women walking
towards the basti she says, “In Goas, we have our home and everything,
and here we have work. Age bhat…vote, bhasa sab tar pore
[Rice first, and then vote, language and everything else].”

Knowing your onions in Murshidabad

مرشد آباد کی خواتیں مزدوروں کی ترجیحات: کام، کھانا، پھر ووٹ

ముర్షిదాబాద్‌లో: పొట్టకూటి తర్వాతే వోటైనా, భాషైనా, మరేదైనా...

முர்ஷிதாபாத்தில் வெங்காயங்கள் உரித்தல்

ਕੰਮ ਮਿਲ਼ੂ, ਢਿੱਡ ਭਰੂ... ਕੋਈ ਫਿਰ ਹੀ ਵੋਟ ਬਾਰੇ ਸੋਚੂ

ମୁର୍ଶିଦାବାଦରେ ଆପଣଙ୍କ ପିଆଜ ସହ ପରିଚୟ

मत-बित राहू द्या, भाताचं बोला

മൂർഷിദാബാദിലെ സവാളകൾ കഥ പറയുന്നു

ಮುರ್ಷಿದಾಬಾದ್:‌ ಅನ್ನ ಮೊದಲು, ಭಾಷೆ, ಮತದಾನ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ನಂತರ…

‘पहले भात, फिर वोट, भाषा और बाक़ी बात’

મુર્શિદાબાદમાં મત આપીને કોઈ કાંદા નથી કાઢવાના

पहिली भात... वोट, भाखा, बाकी सब्बो ओकर बाद

‘पहिले भात... तब भोट के बात’

প্ৰথমে পেটৰ চিন্তা, ভোট-ভাষা পাছে-পৰে

মুর্শিদাবাদ: আগে ভাত…ভোট, ভাষা সব তার পরে

Beldanga, Beldanga - I, Murshidabad District, West Bengal, 742189, India

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Knowing your onions in Murshidabad

Mal Pahariya Adivasi women working in the onion fields of West Bengal's Murshidabad district explain their priorities – work, food, then vote – in the run up to the General Elections 2024

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