Chitrangada Choudhury

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Aniket Aga

P. Sainath

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Sharmila Joshi

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“Everybody is doing it. So we are
too,” said Rupa Pirikaka, somewhat uncertainly.

‘It’ is genetically modified (GM) Bt
cotton seeds, now easily bought at the local market, or even in one’s own
village. ‘Everybody’ is countless other farmers like her in the village of and across the rest of south-western Odisha’s Rayagada district.

“They are getting money in their
hands,” she says.

Pirikaka is a Kondh Adivasi farmer in
her 40s.  Every year, for over two decades, she would prepare a hill slope
for dongar chaas – literally, ‘mountain farming&#39; (shifting cultivation). Following
traditions honed by the region’s farmers over centuries, Pirikaka would sow
mixed plots of heirloom seeds which she had saved from family harvests the
previous year. These would yield a basket of food crops: millets like mandia and kangu, pulses like
pigeon pea and black gram, as well as traditional varieties of long beans, niger seeds and sesame.

This July, for the first time,
Pirikaka switched to Bt cotton. That was the time we met her, sowing the dark
pink, chemical-doused seeds on a hill slope at her village in Bishamakatak
block. The penetration of cotton into the shifting cultivation practices of the
Adivasis was striking, making us ask her about this switch.

“Other crops like turmeric also give
money,” admits Pirikaka. “But nobody is doing that. Everyone is leaving mandia [millet]… and
going after cotton.”

The area under cotton in Rayagada
district has risen by over 5,200 per cent in barely 16 years. Official data
show just 1,631 acres under cotton in 2002-03. In 2018-19 that was 86,907
acres, according to the district agriculture office.

Rayagada, with close to 1 million
people, is a part of the Koraput region, one of the world’s great biodiversity
hotspots, and a historical area of rice diversification. A 1959 survey of the Central Rice
Research Institute showed the region still had over 1,700 rice varieties at the
time. It’s down to around 200 now. Some researchers believe it to be a
birthplace of rice cultivation.

The Kondh Adivasis here, largely
subsistence farmers, are known for their sophisticated practices of
agro-forestry. Even today, many Kondh families across the region’s
emerald-green terraced fields and mountainside farms, cultivate a dizzying
array of paddy and millet varieties, pulses and vegetables. Surveys by Living
Farms, a non-profit in Rayagada, have recently documented 36 millet varieties
and 250 forest foods. 

Most Adivasi farmers here work on
individual or common property farms ranging from 1 to 5 acres in size.

Their seeds are largely nurtured and
shared within the community, using almost no synthetic fertilisers or other
agri-chemicals (also called agro-chemicals). 

Yet, cotton has become the second-most
cultivated crop in Rayagada after paddy, overtaking millets – the premier
traditional food crops of the region. It covers a fifth of the 428,947 acres
under cultivation in this district. Cotton’s swift expansion is reshaping this
land and people steeped in agro-ecological knowledge.

Cotton occupies roughly 5 per cent of
India’s gross cropped area, but consumes 36 to 50 per cent of the total quantum
of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides applied nationally. It is also a
crop with the greatest correlation to indebtedness and farmer suicides across
India.

The scenario here is reminiscent of
Vidarbha between 1998 and 2002 – initial excitement over the new miracle (and
then illegal) seeds and dreams of great profits,  followed by the effects of their
water-guzzling nature, the huge spike in expenses and debt, and various
ecological pressures. Vidarbha subsequently ended up as the epicentre of
farmer suicides in the country for over a decade. Those farmers were
overwhelmingly Bt cotton growers.

The shop we’re standing in is owned by Chandra Kudruka (name changed), a 24-year-old Kondh youth. Returning from Bhubaneswar with a degree in hotel management, he started this store in his village of Rukaguda  (name changed) in the Niyamgiri mountains this June. Potatoes, onions, deep-fried snacks, sweets – it seemed like any other village shop.Except for his hot-selling product – stacked under the counter. A large sack of glossy, multi-coloured packets of cotton seeds, many featuring images of happy farmers and Rs. 2,000 notes.A bulk of the seed packets in Kudruka’s shop were illegal and unauthorised. Some packets were not labelled at all.  Several were not approved for sale in Odisha. Nor was his shop licensed to sell seeds and agri-chemicals.Also in stock, to be sold with the seeds, were cartons of green and red bottles of the controversial herbicide glyphosate. A World Health Organisation report in 2015 (later contradicted by the WHO under industry pressure) termed glyphosate as ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. It is banned in states like Punjab and Kerala, restricted in neighbouring Andhra Pradesh, and is currently at the centre of multi-million dollar lawsuits brought by cancer patients in its country of origin, America.

All this is unknown to farmers in
Rayagada. Glyphosate, referred to as ‘ghaasa maraa’ – literally
‘grass killer’ – is marketed to them to destroy weedplants on their fields
swiftly. But it is a broad spectrum herbicide, which kills all plants other
than those which have been genetically modified to resist it. Kudruka also
breezily showed us seeds of cotton, which he said will survive the spraying of
glyphosate. Such ‘herbicide tolerant’ or ‘HT seeds’ are prohibited  in India. 

Kudruka had already sold 150 seed
packets to farmers in the past fortnight, he said, adding. “I have ordered
more. They will be here by tomorrow.” 

Business seems to be roaring.

&quot;About 99.9 per cent of the cotton in Rayagada today is Bt cotton –
non-Bt seeds are just not available,&quot; an officer observing the crop’s
cultivation in the district told us off the record. &quot;Officially, Bt cotton
is at a standstill in Odisha. It is neither approved, nor banned.&quot;

We found no authorisation from the central government agency responsible
for allowing release of Bt cotton in the state of Odisha. The Ministry of
Agriculture&#39;s cotton status report of 2016 in fact shows
figures for Bt cotton in Odisha, year upon year, as nil, suggesting that
governments would rather not acknowledge its existence.  &quot;I don&#39;t have information on HT cotton,”
state agriculture secretary Dr. Saurabh Garg told us on the phone. “On Bt
cotton, whatever is the government of India policy is our policy. We do not
have anything separate for Odisha.&quot; 

That attitude has serious consequences. Trade in unauthorised Bt
and illegal HT seeds, as well as in agri-chemicals, is thriving and fast
penetrating new areas of Rayagada, as was
evident in Kudruka&#39;s shop in the Niyamgiri mountains.  

Globally, agri-chemicals have destroyed soil microbes, eroded fertility
and harmed &quot;countless habitats of plants and animals, both on land and in
water,” as Prof. Shahid Naeem recently said. Naeem, who heads the
department of ecology, evolution and environmental biology at Columbia
University, New York, says, &quot;All these organisms are important,
because collectively they make up healthy ecosystems that remove pollutants
from our water and air, enrich our soil, nourish our crops and regulate our
climate systems.&quot;

“It did not come easy, I had to work very hard to get them (Adivasi farmers) to switch to cotton,” said Prasad Chandra Panda. ‘Kappa Panda’ – literally ‘Cotton Panda’ – as he is called by his clients and others, was speaking to us at his seed and chemical inputs shop, Kamakhya Traders, in the tehsil town of Bishamakatak in Rayagada.Panda opened the shop 25 years ago, all the while holding his job as an extension officer in the district’s agriculture department. He retired after 37 years there, in 2017. As a government officer, he pushed villagers to abandon their “backward agriculture” for cotton, while his shop, licensed in his son Suman Panda’s name, sold them seeds and associated agri-chemicals.

Panda saw no conflict of interest in
this, saying, “Government policies introduced cotton as a cash crop for
farmers. The crop needed market inputs, so I established a shop.” 

Through the two-hour conversation we
had in Panda’s shop, farmers kept dropping in to purchase seeds and chemicals,
seeking his counsel on what to buy, when to sow, how much to spray and so on.
He answered each one with an air of infallible authority. For them, he was the
scientific expert, the extension officer, their advisor, all rolled into one.
Their ‘choice’ was his command.

The scenes of dependence we witnessed
at Panda’s shop played out across the cotton-growing villages we toured. The
coming of ‘the market’ has had an impact way beyond the cotton crop.

“As the farm land is entirely
allocated for cotton, farmers have to buy all their household necessities from
the market,” Debal Deb, scientist and barefoot conservationist, told
us. Based in Rayagada since 2011, Deb runs a remarkable in-situ rice conservation project and
conducts farmer trainings.

“The traditional knowledge of
farm-related as well as non-farm occupations are rapidly disappearing,” he
said. In village after village, there is no potter, no carpenter, no weaver.
All household goods are bought from the market, and most of these – from the
pitcher to the mat – are made of plastics, imported from faraway towns. Bamboos
have disappeared from most villages, and with them bamboo crafts. They are now
substituted by wood from the forest and expensive concrete. Even for erecting a
pole or making a fence, villagers have to cut trees from the forest. The more
people depend on the market due to the lure of profit, the more the environment
degrades.”

“The shopkeeper said these were good,” Ramdas (he only uses his first name) told us sheepishly, of the three Bt cotton seed packets he had bought on credit from Kudruka’s shop. We had met the Kondh Adivasi farmer at the foothills of the Niyamgiri as he was walking back to his village, Kalipanga, in Bishamakatak block. The shopkeeper’s advice was the sole reason he gave us for choosing those seed packets.What had he paid for them? “If I had paid just now, Rs. 800 each. But I do not have Rs. 2,400, so the shopkeeper will take Rs. 3,000 from me at harvest time.” But even if he were paying Rs. 800 per packet and not the Rs. 1,000 he eventually will, that would still be costlier than the mandated price of Rs. 730 for the most expensive cotton seed: Bollgard II Bt cotton.

None of the packets Ramdas had purchased
displayed a printed price, a manufacturing or expiry date, name or contact
details of the company. They featured a huge red ‘X’ overlaid on an image of a
bollworm, but were not labelled as Bt seeds. Although the packets did not
specify ‘HT’, Ramdas believed the crop “can be sprayed with ghaasa maraa [herbicide]” since
the shopkeeper had told him so. 

Like every farmer we interviewed over
a fortnight in July, Ramdas was unaware that herbicide-tolerant seeds are
disallowed in India. He did not know that companies cannot sell unlabelled
seeds, or that there are price caps on cotton seeds. Given that none of the
writing on seed packets and agri-chemical bottles was in Odia, farmers here
would not know what claims manufacturers were making, even if they could read. 

Yet, the prospect of money was
drawing them to cotton. 

“If we grow this, I might make some
money I need this year for my son’s fees in a private English-medium school” – that
was the hope of Shyamsundar Suna, a Dalit tenant farmer speaking to us in
Kerandiguda village of Bishamakatak block. We found him, his Kondh Adivasi wife
Kamala, and their two children Elizabeth and Ashish, hard at work sowing cotton
seeds. Suna had applied all kinds of agri-chemicals, of which he knew little,
to his seeds. “The retailer told me the cotton will come out well,” he
explained.

Pirikaka, Ramdas, Suna and other
farmers told us that cotton was unlike anything they had planted before. “Our
traditional crops do not require anything to grow – no fertiliser, no
pesticide,” said Pirikaka. But with cotton, Ramdas said, “each packet demands
further expenses of 10,000 rupees. Only if you can spend on these seeds,
fertilisers and pesticides, might you get some return at harvest time. If you
can’t do this… you will lose all your money. If you can, and things turn out
good [with] stable weather – then you might sell it [his harvest] for Rs.
30,000- Rs. 40,000.”

Even as farmers were taking to cotton
in the hope of making money,most were hard-pressed to say how much they earned
through it.

Come January-February, farmers will
have to sell their produce back via the input retailer, who would recoup
his costs with exorbitant interest, passing on what remained to them.  “I
have just ordered 100 packets from the trader in Gunpur on credit,” Chandra
Kudruka told us. “I will repay him at the time of harvest, and we will split
the interest paid by the farmers.”

05-CC-Sowing_the_seeds_of_climate_crisis_in_Odisha.jpg

What if the farmers’ crops fail and they cannot pay him back for the packets he has sold them on credit? Isn’t that a big risk? “What risk?” asked the young man, laughing. “Where will farmers go? Their cotton is sold to the trader through me. If they harvest just 1-2 quintals each, I will recover my dues from that.”What went unsaid was that the farmers might be left with nothing. Rayagada will also be left shorn of its precious biodiversity. As Prof. Naeem puts it, globally, eliminating crop diversity means jeopardising food security and reducing the ability to adapt to global warming.  He also <a href="https://magazine.columbia.edu/article/what-everyone-needs-know-about-threat-mass-extinction">warned</a> that climate change and biodiversity loss are deeply linked: “a planet that’s less green and less biologically diverse is likely to be hotter and drier.&quot; And as Rayagada’s Adivasi farmers abandon that biodiversity for a monoculture of Bt cotton, Odisha is undergoing a far-reaching shift in ecology and economy, sparking crises at both, the level of the individual household and at that of climate impact. Pirikaka, Kudruka, Ramdas and ‘Cotton Panda’ are among  the unlikely cast of characters caught up in this shift.“Southern Odisha was never a traditional cotton-growing area. Its strength lay in multiple cropping,” said Debal Deb<a> </a>“This commercial cotton monoculture has altered the crop diversity, soil structure, household income stability, farmers&#39; independence, and ultimately, food security.” It sounds like an infallible recipe for agrarian distress.But these factors, especially those relating to changes in land use, plus what all this implies for water and the rivers, and loss of biodiversity – could also be playing themselves into another long-term, large-scale process. We are witnessing the sowing of the seeds of climate change in this region.Cover photo: In Kaliponga village, farmer Ramdas sows Bt and
HT cotton a few days after dousing the land with glyphosate, a broad spectrum
herbicide. (Photo: Chitrangada Choudhury) PARI’s nationwide reporting project on climate change is part of a UNDP-supported initiative to capture that phenomenon through the voices and lived experience of ordinary people. Want to republish this article?  Please write to zahra@ruralindiaonline.org with a cc to namita@ruralindiaonline.org

Sowing the seeds of climate crisis in Odisha

ओडिशा: बिपत के बीजा बोवत

ఒడిశాలో వాతావరణ సంక్షోభానికి పడిన బీజం

ਓੜੀਸਾ: ਜਲਵਾਯੂ ਸੰਕਟ ਦੇ ਪੁੰਗਰਦੇ ਬੀਜ

ഒഡീഷയിൽ കാലാവസ്ഥാ പ്രതിസന്ധിയുടെ വിത്തുകൾ വിതയ്ക്കുന്നു

ઓડીસામાં વાતાવરણ સંકટના બીજની વાવણી

"ಒಡಿಶಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬಿಕ್ಕಟ್ಟಿನ ಬೀಜಗಳನ್ನು ಬಿತ್ತನೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ"

ওড়িশাত জলবায়ু সংকটৰ বীজ ৰোপন

ओडिशा: जलवायु संकट की खेती

اوڈیشہ میں ماحولیاتی بحران کے بیج کی بُوائی

ଓଡିଶାରେ ଜଳବାୟୁ ସଂକଟର ବୀଜ ରୋପଣ କରୁଛି

ওড়িশায় বোনা হচ্ছে জলবায়ু সংকটের বীজ

ஒடிசாவில் பருவநிலை நெருக்கடிக்கான விதைகள் விதைக்கப்படுகின்றன

ओडिशात वातावरणावरच्या अरिष्टाचं बी रुजतंय

Karanjaguda

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Sowing the seeds of climate crisis in Odisha

In Rayagada, Bt cotton acreage has risen by 5,200 per cent in 16 years. The result: this biodiversity hotspot, rich in indigenous millets, rice varieties and forest foods, is seeing an alarming ecological shift

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